Marine Science Australia
Marine Biology of Australia
What is Marine Biology?
Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. Marine Biology classifies organisms based on the habitat which they live in rather than the organism's taxanomic classification.
Marine biology covers a large array of organisms, from the microscopic, including most Zooplankton and Phytoplankton to the huge cetaceans (whales) which reach up to a reported 30 meters in length.
One of the smallest marine organisms a Copepod and one of the largest a Humpback whale. CCBY from Wiki commons.
The importance of marine life
At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet.
Marine organisms contribute significantly to the Oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate.
Marine Biology of Australia
The marine biology of Australian waters can be generally divided into two major zones based on the water temperature range, these are the tropical and temperate zones.
Tropical zones
Tropical waters of Australia are found north of the tropic of Capricorn at 23 degrees (23 26' 16" S) latitude. In northern waters the water temperature ranges between 20 and 30 degrees (C)
Temperate zones
The Temperate waters of Australia extend south of the Tropic of Capricorn. There are regions of overlap where both temperate and tropical species can be found.
What lives in the tropical zones of Australia
The Tropical regions of Australia are home to tremendous variety of beauty, form and colour. The magnificent beauty of the Great Barrier reef (and Ningaloo Reef) has fascinated many generations of Australians. In contrast the dark muddy and mostly stagnant Mangrove forests of tropical Australia are less attractive and less known to us all yet they play an important role in the overall tropical ecosystem.
The tropical marine communities of Austalia are dominated by coral reefs and Australia has the second largest extension of coral reefs at 48,960 square km, after Indonesia, of any country globally.
Typical coral reef views and a mangrove forest to the right. Creative commons CCBY attribute licence
What lives in the temperate zones of Australia
The temperate zones of Australia are considerably less diverse than the northern tropical regions however the temperate regions have many more endemic species than the tropical regions.
Typical marine invertebrates of the temperate zones of Australia. Images from www.ausinverts.com.au.
Marine Habitats
A habitat is the environment within which an organism is normally found. A habitat is characterized by the physical characteristics of the environment and/or the dominant vegetation or other stable biotic characteristics.
Marine Biology studies habitats such as coral reefs, kelp forests, tidepools, muddy, sandy and rocky bottoms, and the open ocean (pelagic) zone, where solid objects are rare and the surface of the water is the only visible boundary.
Marine habitats can be divided into three general categories, these are the Benthic, Demersal and Pelagic zones.
Benthic zone habitats
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. Organisms living in this zone are called benthos.
The habitats of the benthic zone vary widely depending on how far below the surface the bottom lies.
Just beyond the intertidal zone, the shallow water receives ample sunlight and oxygen. Continuing down along the continental slope, the environment becomes increasingly dark and cold, and the
pressure increases. A remarkable variety of organisms live in these different habitats, each with specialized adaptations reflecting the conditions of their environment. The environmental
conditions within a habitat have a direct influence on the biology of resident organisms.
The main food sources for the benthos are algae and organic runoff from land.
Benthic organisms, such as sea stars, oysters, clams, sea cucumbers, brittle stars and sea anemones, play an important role as a food source for fish and humans.
Demersal zone habitats
The demersal zone is the part of the sea, ocean or lake comprising the water column that is near to (and is significantly affected by) the seabed and the benthos. The demersal zone is just above the benthic zone
Pelagic zone habitats
The pelagic zone habitats are within the water column, extending down from the water surface.
The pelagic zone occupies 1,330 million cubic kilometres with a mean depth of 3.68 kilometres and maximum depth of 11 kilometres.
Fish that live in the pelagic zone are called pelagic fish.
Pelagic life decreases with increasing depth.
It is affected by light intensity, pressure, temperature, salinity, the supply of dissolved oxygen and nutrients, and the submarine topography.
Marine Ecology
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and with their natural environment. Marine ecology is simply ecology applied to marine biota and the marine environment.
Resources:
Information on general marine biology has been modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology under a CCPL License 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Importance of marine biology modified from:
Martinez, M.I., Intralawan, A., Vazquez, G., Perez-Maqueo, O., Sutton, P. and Landgrave, R. (2007). The coasts of our world: Ecological, economic and social importance. Ecological Economics 63: 254-272.
Definition of marine Habitats from:
Lawrence E. and Henderson W.D. (2005), Henderson’s dictionary of biology, Eleanor Lawrence. 748pp.
Definition of Benthic zones from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic_zone , Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (“CC BY-SA”).
Definition of Demersal zones from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demersal_zone , Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (“CC BY-SA”).
Information on Pelagic zones modified from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic , Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (“CC BY-SA”).
About Sharks from:
http://www.seashepherd.org.au/apex-harmony/overview/shark-facts.html
Marine Science News
Offshore oil and gas infrastructure brings localised, but limited regional benefits for marine organisms
World-first initiative Guardian of the Great Barrier Reef
Masses of scalloped hammerheads have returned to one of Australia’s busiest beaches. But we don’t need to panic
How clouds protect coral reefs, but will not be enough to save them from us
Six Supertrawlers in Antarctica Fishing for Krill Near Proposed Marine Park
Marine Science facts
The vampire squid gets its name not because it has a taste for blood but from the dark skin on its arms that makes it look like it’s wearing a Dracula-esque cape?
The oceans provide 99% of the living space on the planet containing 50-80% of all life.
The Oceans cover 70% of the earths suface
The deepest part of the ocean is called the Mariana Trench, which is around 7 miles deep and is located in the South Pacific Ocean.
The water pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is eight tons per square inch. This means the pressure there is enough to crush you.
The largest mountain range is found underwater and is called the Mid-Oceanic Ridge that is around 65,000 kilometres long.
Sponges are older than dinosaurs.
Half the Oxygen we breath is produced in the Ocean.
Irukandji jelly fish, with just a brush of venom leaves almost no mark. But after about a half hour you develop Irukandji syndrome, a debilitating mix of nausea, vomiting, severe pain, difficulty breathing, drenching sweating and sense of impending doom. You get so sick that your biggest worry is that you’re not going to die.
The most remote point in the oceans is called Point Nemo.
The Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans are known as the three major oceans.